![]() ![]() This system was imported into the original colonies that formed the United States. Areas smaller than the full quarter section of 160 hectares are said to be without government. Fractions can also be caused by physical difficulties when surveying the land, such as because part of it has been submerged in water or because a municipal boundary has been delineated by a state boundary. Fractions larger or smaller than 1 square mile also occur for reasons other than the fact that the meridians are not exactly parallel, which often occurs because the rectangular survey was done by separate teams working independently, resulting in deviations of less than 6 miles between the different areas studied. Note that since a property is necessarily limited in area, any description of this property must necessarily form a closed area. In fact, addresses are often renamed over time and even physical boundaries can change course, like that of a local stream. Although the address is necessary to locate the property, it is not sufficient to identify the property. The legal description is also an important determinant in determining the price of the property. The legal description of a property does not include the buildings within it – only the property lines. Contracts of sale, deeds, mortgages, and trust deeds require a legal description of the property that is legally sufficient to be binding, meaning that the description would allow a qualified surveyor to determine the exact boundaries of the property. so that the difference can be compensated by reducing the size of the townships north and west of a quadrant. Community line – a distance of 24 miles – and the guide meridians that run from north to south at intervals of 24 miles from the main meridian and are exactly parallel to the main meridian, so that the difference in the area bounded by the correction lines and guide meridians – known as the government test – can be compared to the actual area bounded by the regular meridians. In other words, “N 42☃5` W” describes the same limit as “S 42☃5` E”, but is crossed in the opposite direction. The boundary can be crossed in the opposite direction by simply exchanging N for S and E for W. This has the advantage that the same measure is provided regardless of the direction in which a particular boundary is pursued. For example, such a bearing could be listed as “N 42☃5` W”, meaning that the camp is 42☃5` counterclockwise or west of the north. The diagrams below show the system of numbering the sections and the usual method of subdividing them.In many acts, direction is not described by azimuth (a clockwise measurement of 360 degrees), but by bearing (a north or south direction, followed by a 90-degree measurement and another direction to the west or east). It is divided into 36 square-mile “sections” of 640 acres, each which may be divided and subdivided as desired. ![]() Guide Meridians, at intervals of 24 miles east and (or) west of the Principal Meridian, are extended north and (or) south from the Base Line Standard Parallels, at 24-mile intervals north and (or) south of the Base Line, are extended east and (or) west from the Principal Meridian. Thus, the description of a township as “Township 16 North, Range 7 West” would mean that the township is situated 16 tiers north of the Base Line for the Principal Meridian and 7 ranges west of that meridian. The township numbers east or west of the Principal Meridians are designated as ranges whereas, the numbers north and south of the Base Line are tiers. The base lines running north and south are known as “Principal Meridians”, while the east and west base lines are called simply “Base Lines”. Under this system the lands are divided into “townships,” 6 miles square, which are related to base lines established by the federal government. ![]() The system of rectangular surveys was inaugurated in 1785 and the laws governing its establishment have, with various modifications, been applied to all of the United States with the exception of the states listed above.
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